Publications and sources

Answer

Below you will find the list of references that are used in this fact sheet. All sources used can be consulted or retrieved.

[1]. Nilsson, G. (1982). The effects of speed limits on traffic accidents in Sweden. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on the effects of speed limits on traffic accidents and transport energy use. 6-8 October 1981, Dublin. OECD. p. 1-8.

[2]. Aarts, L. & Schagen, I. van (2006). Driving speed and the risk of road crashes: a review. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 38, nr. 2, p. 215-224.

[3]. Elvik, R. (2009). The Power Model of the relationship between speed and road safety: update and new analyses. TØI Report 1034/2009. Institute of Transport Economics TØI, Oslo.

[4]. Elvik, R. (2013). A re-parameterisation of the Power Model of the relationship between the speed of traffic and the number of accidents and accident victims. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 50, p. 854-860.

[5]. Wickens, C.D. & Horrey, W.J. (2008). Models of attention, distraction, and highway hazard avoidance. In: Regan, M.A., Lee, J.D. & Young, K.L. (red.), Driver distraction: Theory, effects, and mitigation. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, p. 57-69.

[6]. Rogers, S.D., Kadar, E.E. & Costall, A. (2005). Gaze patterns in the visual control of straight-road driving and braking as a function of speed and expertise. In: Ecological Psychology, vol. 17, nr. 1, p. 19-38.

[7]. Holocher, S. & Holte, H. (2019). Speeding. ESRA2 Thematic report Nr. 2. ESRA project (E-Survey of Road users’ Attitudes). Federal Highway Research Institute, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany.

[8]. Aarts, L.T., Schepers, J.P., Goldenbeld, C., Decae, R.J., et al. (2020). Achtergronden bij De Staat van de Verkeersveiligheid 2020. De jaarlijkse monitor [Backgrounds of the State of Road Safety 2020. The annual monitor]. R-2020-27A [Summary in English]. SWOV, Den Haag.

[9]. Adminaité-Fodor, D. & Jost, G. (2019). Reducing speeding in Europe. PIN-flash report 36. European Transport Safety Council (ETSC), Brussels.

[10]. Duijm, S., Kraker, J. de, Schalkwijk, M., Boekwijt, L., et al. (2012). PROV 2011 Periodiek Regionaal Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid – Bijlagenrapport. Rijkswaterstaat, Dienst Verkeer en Scheepvaart, Delft.

[11]. Rudin-Brown, C.M. (2004). Vehicle height affects drivers’ speed perception: Implications for rollover risk. In: Transportation Research Record, vol. 1899, nr. 1, p. 84-89.

[12]. OECD/ECMT (2006). Speed management. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD/European Conference of Ministers of Transport ECMT, Paris.

[13]. Cameron, M.H. & Elvik, R. (2010). Nilsson's Power Model connecting speed and road trauma: Applicability by road type and alternative models for urban roads. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 42, nr. 6, p. 1908-1915.

[14]. ITF (2018). Speed and crash risk. IRTAD Research Report. International Transport Forum, ITF/OECD, Paris.

[15]. Elvik, R., Vadeby, A., Hels, T. & Schagen, I. van (2019). Updated estimates of the relationship between speed and road safety at the aggregate and individual levels. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 123, p. 114-122.

[16]. Solomon, D. (1964). Accidents on main rural highways related to speed, driver and vehicle. Bureau of Public Roads, U.S. Department of Commerce. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

[17]. Kloeden, C., McLean, A.J. & Glonek, G. (2002). Reanalysis of travelling speed and the rate of crash involvement in Adelaide South Australia. Report No. CR 207. Australian Transport Safety Bureau ATSB, Civic Square, ACT.

[18]. Kloeden, C.N., McLean, A.J., Moore, V.M. & Ponte, G. (1997). Travelling speed and the rate of crash involvement. Volume 1: findings. Report No. CR 172. Federal Office of Road Safety FORS, Canberra.

[19]. Kloeden, C.N., Ponte, G. & McLean, A.J. (2001). Travelling speed and the rate of crash involvement on rural roads. Report No. CR 204. Australian Transport Safety Bureau ATSB, Civic Square, ACT.

[20]. Taylor, M.C., Lynam, D.A. & Baruya, A. (2000). The effects of drivers’ speed on the frequency of road accidents. TRL Report, No. 421. Transport Research Laboratory TRL, Crowthorne, Berkshire.

[21]. Tejero, P. & Chóliz, M. (2002). Driving on the motorway: the effect of alternating speed on driver's activation level and mental effort. In: Ergonomics, vol. 45, nr. 9, p. 605-618.

[22]. Rosén, E., Stigson, H. & Sander, U. (2011). Literature review of pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 43, nr. 1, p. 25-33.

[23]. CROW (2012). Basiskenmerken wegontwerp: categorisering en inrichting van wegen. Publicatie 315. CROW, Ede.

[24]. SWOV (2018). Sustainable Safety 3rd edition – The advanced vision for 2018-2030. Principles for design and organization of a casualty-free road traffic system. SWOV, The Hague.

[25]. Schagen, I.N.L.G. van, Wegman, F.C.M. & Roszbach, R. (2004). Veilige en geloofwaardige snelheidslimieten. Een strategische verkenning [Safe and credible speed limits. A strategic exploration]. R-2004-12 [Summary in English]. SWOV, Leidschendam.

[26]. Aarts, L., Pumberger, A., Lawton, B., Charman, S., et al. (2011). Road authority pilot and feasibility study. Deliverables 3 and 4 of the ERASER project. SWOV, Leidschendam.

[27]. Wegman, F. & Aarts, L. (2006). Advancing Sustainable Safety; National Road Safety Outlook for 2005-2020. SWOV, Leidschendam.

[28]. Schagen, I. van & Feypell, V. (2011). Speed and speed management for road safety. An overview of the findings of the OECD Working Group on speed management. In: Twisk, D. & Nickel, W.R. (red.), Fit to Drive: Proceedings of the 5th International Traffic Expert Congress. April 6th-8th 2011, The Hague. Kirschbaum Verlag.

[29]. CROW (2014). Richtlijn drempels, plateaus en uitritten. CROW, Ede.

[30]. Schagen, I. van, Commandeur, J.J.F., Goldenbeld, C. & Stipdonk, H. (2016). Monitoring speed before and during a speed publicity campaign. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 97, p. 326-334.

[31]. Knaap, P. van der (2021). Verkeer is ‘gedrag’, maar verkeersveiligheid is méér dan ‘gedrag’. De effecten van voorlichting en educatie worden makkelijk overschat zolang goede evaluatie uitblijft. In: Verkeerskunde, vol. 72, nr. 2, p. 18-19.

[32]. SWOV (2019). Verhoging snelheidslimiet op autosnelwegen. Veiligheidseffecten 130km/uur-limiet vooralsnog niet eenduidig. R-2019-30. SWOV, Den Haag.

[33]. SWECO (2019). Verkeersveiligheidsanalyse snelheidsverhoging autosnelwegen, 2007-2017. Sweco Nederland, De Bilt.

[34]. Vis, A.A. & Kaal, I. (1993). De veiligheid van 30 km/uur-gebieden. Een analyse van letselongevallen in 151 heringerichte gebieden in Nederlandse gemeenten [Safety of 30 km/h areas. An analysis of injury accidents in 151 reorganized areas in Dutch municipalities]. R-93-17 [Summary in English]. SWOV, Leidschendam.

[35]. Weijermars, W.A.M. & Schagen, I.N.L.G. van (2009). Tien jaar Duurzaam Veilig. Verkeersveiligheidsbalans 1998-2007  [Ten years of Sustainable Safety. Road safety assessment 1998-2007]. R-2009-14 [Summary in English]. SWOV, Leidschendam.

[36]. Steinbach, R., Perkins, C., Edwards, P., Beecher, D., et al. (2016). Speed cameras to reduce speeding traffic and road traffic injuries. Cochrane Injuries Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London.

[37]. Høye, A. (2014). Speed cameras, section control, and kangaroo jumps–a meta-analysis. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 73, p. 200-208.

[38]. Lai, F., Carsten, O. & Tate, F. (2012). How much benefit does Intelligent Speed Adaptation deliver: An analysis of its potential contribution to safety and environment. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 48, p. 63-72.

[39]. Ryan, M. (2018). Intelligent Speed Assistance. A review of the literature. Irish Road Safety Authority.

[40]. Pas, J.W.G.M. van der, Kessels, J., Veroude, B.D.G. & Wee, B. van (2014). Intelligent speed assistance for serious speeders: The results of the Dutch Speedlock trial. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 72, p. 78-94.

[41]. CROW (2015). Basiskenmerken kruispunten en rotondes. Publicatie 315A. CROW Kenniscentrum voor verkeer, vervoer en infrastructuur, Ede.

[42]. Hourdos, J., Liu, Z., Dirks, P., Liu, H.X., et al. (2017). Development of a queue warning system utilizing ATM infrastructure system development and field-testing. Minnesota Department of Transportation.

[43]. Lint, H. van, Nguyen, T.T., Krishnakumari, P., Calvert, S.C., et al. (2020). Estimating the safety effects of congestion warning systems using carriageway aggregate data. In: Transportation Research Record, vol. 2674, nr. 11, p. 278-288.

[44]. Sanden, K. van der, Kooi, F., Alferdinck, J., Bijl, P., et al. (2021). Maximumsnelheden in signaalgevers: Perceptie-onderzoek. TNO 2021 R10138. TNO in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat, Soesterberg.

[45]. Janssen, C., Donker, S., Hessels, R., Hooge, I., et al. (2021). De invloed van frequente aanduiding van maximumsnelheid boven de weg op het gedrag van de weggebruiker: Literatuuronderzoek. Universiteit Utrecht in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat, Utrecht.

[46]. Varotto, S.F., Jansen, R., Bijleveld, F. & Nes, N. van (2021). Driver speed compliance following automatic incident detection: Insights from a naturalistic driving study. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 150.

[47]. Blom, M., Blokdijk, D. & Weijters, G. (2017). Recidive na een educatieve maatregel voor verkeersovertreders of tijdens een Alcoholslotprogramma. Cahier 2017-15. Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum WODC, Den Haag.

[48]. Phillips, R.O., Ulleberg, P. & Vaa, T. (2011). Meta-analysis of the effect of road safety campaigns on accidents. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 43, nr. 3, p. 1204-1218.

[49]. Bax, C., Goldenbeld, C., Petegem, J.W.H. van, Mons, C., et al. (2019). Evaluatie buurtacties in 30km/uur-straten; Verkeersveiligheidsgevoelens, motivatie en gereden snelheden onderzocht in vijf gemeenten. R-2019-4. SWOV, Den Haag.

[50]. Groot-Mesken, J. de & Vlakveld, W.P. (2014). Een duwtje in de goede richting - verkeersveilig gedrag : hoe kan verkeersveiligheidsbeleid profiteren van inzichten rondom automatische gedragsbeïnvloeding? [A nudge in the right direction: safe traffic behaviour. How can road safety policy benefit from knowledge about automatic behaviour change?] R-2014-13 [Summary in English]. SWOV, Den Haag.

[51]. Goldenbeld, C., Groot-Mesken, J. de & Temürhan, M. (2017). Nudging van rijsnelheid via Dick Bruna-borden: een veldexperiment. De effecten op werkelijk gereden snelheden in vijf gemeenten onderzocht [Nudging driving speed using Dick Bruna traffic signs: a field experiment. Study of the actual speeds driven in five municipalities in the Netherlands]. R-2017-11 [Summary in English]. SWOV, Den Haag.

[52]. Ljung Aust, M., Baldanzini, N., Bakker, B., Berghaus, M., et al. (2020). Final Measures; Deliverable D5.5 of the H2020 project MeBeSafe. European Commission, Brussels.

Part of fact sheet

Speed and speed management

If the average speed on a road increases, crash risk also increases, as does the risk of a serious outcome.

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