Traffic and transport costs
Besides the crash costs of more than €12 billion, traffic and transport are also responsible for congestion and environmental costs. The costs of direct time loss due to all traffic jams on the main road network in 2000 were put at €0.6 billion (AVV, 2004). If all the costs had been included that occur when people adapt their behaviour to traffic jams: detours, other time of travel, etc. the traffic jam costs would approximately have been twice as high (Koopmans & Kroes, 2004; AVV, 2004). If traffic jams on the lower order roads were to be included the estimated costs would be €2 to €2.5 billion (Annema & Van Wee, 2004). The environmental costs of road traffic are estimated to be considerably higher: more than €6 billion (CE, 2004). These are the costs of polluting emissions, CO2 emissions, and noise nuisance. Therefore, crash costs are high in comparison with these other traffic related costs.