Abbreviations

Educational Measure Alcohol and Traffic The EMA consists of a three-day course that is imposed on drivers with relative high BACs and recidivists. Originally the EMA was imposed on a BAC between 1.3 and 2.1 g/l, but since 2000 it is between 1.3 and 1.8 g/l. In 2002 this became 0.8 and 1.3 g/l for novice drivers who have had their driving licence for less than five years. A study of the effectiveness of EMA showed an increased knowledge about drink driving among the participants, but no effect on recidivism.

The European New Car Assessment Programme (EuroNCAP) promotes the collision safety (i.e. secondary safety) of cars. This test programme is organized by many consumer organizations, European governments, and test organizations and is subsidized by the EU. For the time being, EuroNCAP is a limited set of requirements for head-on and side collision safety, and for pedestrian safety. However, these requirements are quite a lot higher than the mandatory ones. The consequence of this is what is known as the '5 star system', in which the highest safety level is represented by 5 stars. EuroNCAP's purpose is to provide the consumer with a means of comparing. In practice, the vehicle manufacturers also keep an eye on this test system. They strive at achieving 5 stars, as well as an assessment that their vehicle is sufficiently pedestrian friendly.